The Demographic and Clinico-radiological Profile of Spinal Injury-an Institutional Experience
Demographic and Clinico-radiological Profile of Spinal Injury-an Institutional Experience
Keywords:
spine, spinal injuries, paraplegia, quadriplegia, road traffic accidents
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a major health hazard throughout the world. Its incidence is increasing both in the developed and under-developed world.
Methods This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, SKIMS, Kashmir, over a period of one year. The data collected included the demographic profile, mode, circumstances and timing of the injury, neurological grade using ASIA scale, imaging findings, type of management and outcome. A follow-up evaluation was done at 1-yr.
Results Fall from height was the commonest cause of spinal injury. Young men were most affected. The injury was more common in the morning hours and it peaked during summers and autumn, both seasons being busy for apple and walnut harvesting.
Conclusion Spinal injury mostly involves young males. Fall from trees is the commonest cause. Poor ASIA scale, large kyphotic angles, severe canal compromise and presence of cord contusion are bad prognostic factors.
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References
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26. Andalib S, Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Saberi A, Reihanian Z, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Sayad-Fathi S, Shokat H, Hasanzadeh B, Ghorbani-Shirkouhi S. Epidemiology of spine trauma and spinal cord injuries in the north of Iran. Iranian Journal of Neurosurgery. 2018 Oct 10;4(4):199-204.
27. Wang XY, Dai LY, Xu HZ, Chi YL. Kyphosis recurrence after posterior short-segment fixation in thoracolumbar burst fractures. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2008 Mar 1;8(3):246-54.
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29. Dai LY, Wang XY, Jiang LS. Neurologic recovery from thoracolumbar burst fractures: is it predicted by the amount of initial canal encroachment and kyphotic deformity?. Surgical neurology. 2007 Mar 1;67(3):232-7.
30. Bondurant FJ, Cotler HB, Kulkarni MV, McArdle CB, Harris JH Jr. Acute spinal cord injury. A study using physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990 Mar;15(3):161-8.
31. Parashari UC, Khanduri S, Bhadury S, Kohli N, Parihar A, Singh R, Srivastava RN, Upadhyay D. Diagnostic and prognostic role of MRI in spinal trauma, its comparison and correlation with clinical profile and neurological outcome, according to ASIA impairment scale. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2011 Jan;2(1):17-26.
32. Schaefer DM, Flanders AD, Northrup BE, Doan HT, Osterholm JL. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute cervical spine trauma. Correlation with severity of neurologic injury. Spine. 1989 Oct 1;14(10):1090-5.
33. Andreoli C, Colaiacomo MC, Di Biasi C, Casciani E, Gualdi G. MRI in the acute phase of spinal cord traumatic lesions: Relationship between MRI findings and neurological outcome. La Radiologia medica. 2005 Nov 1;110(5-6):636-45.
34. Wang ZM, Zou P, Yang JS, Liu TT, Song LL, Lu Y, Guo H, Zhao YT, Liu TJ, Hao DJ. Epidemiological characteristics of spinal cord injury in Northwest China: a single hospital-based study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research. 2020 Dec;15(1):1-7.
35. Mitchell J, Nunnerley J, Frampton C, Croot T, Patel A, Schouten R. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in New Zealand (2007–2016). New Zealand medical journal. 2020 Feb 7;133.
36. Fehlings MG, Perrin RG. The role and timing of early decompression for cervical spinal cord injury: update with a review of recent clinical evidence. Injury. 2005 Jul 1;36(2):S13-26.
37. Wang HF, Yin ZS, Chen Y, Duan ZH, Hou S, He J. Epidemiological features of traumatic spinal cord injury in Anhui Province, China. Spinal Cord. 2013 Jan;51(1):20-2.
38. Santos EA, Santos Filho WJ, Possatti LL, Bittencourt LR, Fontoura EA, Botelho RV. Clinical complications in patients with severe cervical spinal trauma: a ten-year prospective study. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2012;70:524-8.
39. Tanki HN, Khursheed N, Khan AQ, Ganie MA, Ramzan AU, Tanki FN, Wani AA. Long-Term Outcomes of Paraplegics in a Resource-Limited Society: Are We Doing Enough?. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma. 2015 Dec;12(02):117-21.
40. Katoh S, El Masry WS. Motor recovery of patients presenting with motor paralysis and sensory sparing following cervical spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 1995 Sep;33(9):506-9.
41. Oleson CV, Burns AS, Ditunno JF, Geisler FH, Coleman WP. Prognostic value of pinprick preservation in motor complete, sensory incomplete spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2005 May 1;86(5):988-92.
42. Scivoletto G, Tamburella F, Laurenza L, Torre M, Molinari M. Who is going to walk? A review of the factors influencing walking recovery after spinal cord injury. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014 Mar 13;8:141.
43.Miyanji,F.,Furlan,J.C.,Aarabi,B.,Arnold,P.M.,andFehlings,M.G.(2007).Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology 243, 820-27 827.
2. Chu D, Lee YH, Lin CH, Chou P, Yang NP. Prevalence of associated injuries of spinal trauma and their effect on medical utilization among hospitalized adult subjects–a nationwide data-based study. BMC health services research. 2009 Dec;9(1):1-8.
3. Srivastava RN, Singh A, Garg RK, Agarwal A, Raj S. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: A SAARC perspective. Int J Mol Biol Biochem. 2015;3:9-22.
4. Association American Spinal Injury. Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Injury Patients. Chicago, IL: American Spinal Injury Association; 1982.
5.Karamehmetoglu SS, Unal S, Karacan I, Yilmaz H, Togay HS, Ertekin M, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injuries in Istanbul Turkey. An epidemiological study. Paraplegia 1995; 33: 469–71.
6.Ning GZ, Wu Q, Li YL, Feng SQ. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Asia: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2012 Jul;35(4):229-39.
7.Van den Berg ME, Castellote JM, Mahillo-Fernandez I, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Incidence of spinal cord injury worldwide: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34(3):184-92.
8. Scivoletto G, Tamburella F, Laurenza L, Torre M, Molinari M. Who is going to walk? A review of the factors influencing walking recovery after spinal cord injury. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014 Mar 13;8:141.
9. Chhabra HS, Arora M. Demographic profile of traumatic spinal cord injuries admitted at Indian Spinal Injuries Centre with special emphasis on mode of injury: a retrospective study. Spinal Cord 2012; 50: 745–54.
10. Liu J, Liu HW, Gao F, Li J, Li JJ. Epidemiological features of traumatic spinal cord injury in Beijing, China. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022 Mar;45(2):214-220.
11. Johansson E, Luoto TM, Vainionpää A, Kauppila AM, Kallinen M, Väärälä E, Koskinen E. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Finland. Spinal Cord. 2021 Jul;59(7):761-768.
12. Go BK. The epidemiology of spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury: clinical outcomes from the model systems. 1995.
13. Bhat I, Malik N, Kareem K, Ramzan A, Sheikh H, Wani A, Singh S, Arif S, Rashid A. Burden of Moderate and Severe Head Injury in Kashmir Valley. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma. 2021 Jun;18(01):79-83.
14. Agarwal P, Upadhyay P, Raja K. A demographic profile of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal injury cases: a hospital-based study from India. Spinal Cord 2007; 45:597–602.
15. Singh R, Sharma SC, Mittal R, Sharma A. Traumatic spinal cord injuries in Haryana: an epidemiological study. Indian J Community Med 2003; XXVIII: 84–86.
16.Chacko V, Joseph B, Mohanty SP, Jacob T. Management of spinal cord injury in a general hospital in rural India. Paraplegia 1986; 24: 330–335.
17.Dave PK, Jayaswal A, Kotwal PP, Biyani A, Bhattacharya T. Spinal cord injuries- A Clinico-Epidemiological Study. Ind J Orthop 2002; 28: 39–45.
18.Joseph C, Andersson N, Bjelak S, Giesecke K, Hultling C, Nilsson Wikmar L, Phillips J, Seiger Å, Stenimahitis V, Trok K, Åkesson E, Wahman K. Incidence, aetiology and injury characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury in Stockholm, Sweden: A prospective, population-based update. J Rehabil Med. 2017 May 16;49(5):431-436.
19. Jackson AB, Dijkers M, Devivo MJ, Poczatek RB. A demographic profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries: change and stability over 30 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Nov;85(11):1740-8.
20. Post MW, Dallmeijer AJ, Angenot EL, van Asbeck FW, van der Woude LH. Duration and functional outcome of spinal cord injury rehabilitation in the Netherlands. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005 May-Jun;42(3 Suppl 1):75-85.
21. Feng HY, Ning GZ, Feng SQ, Yu TQ, Zhou HX. Epidemiological profile of 239 traumatic spinal cord injury cases over a period of 12 years in Tianjin, China. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(4):388-94.
22. Roche SJ, Sloane PA, McCabe JP. Epidemiology of spine trauma in an Irish regional trauma unit: a 4-year study. Injury. 2008 Apr 1;39(4):436-42.
23. Hagen EM, Eide GE, Rekand T, Gilhus NE, Gronning M. A 50-year follow-up of the incidence of traumatic spinal cord injuries in Western Norway. Spinal Cord. 2010 Apr;48(4):313-8.
24. Derakhshanrad N, Yekaninejad MS, Vosoughi F, Sadeghi Fazel F, Saberi H. Epidemiological study of traumatic spinal cord injuries: experience from a specialized spine center in Iran. Spinal Cord. 2016 Oct;54(10):901-907.
25. Halvorsen A, Pettersen AL, Nilsen SM, Halle KK, Schaanning EE, Rekand T. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Norway in 2012-2016: a registry-based cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord. 2019 Apr;57(4):331-338.
26. Andalib S, Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Saberi A, Reihanian Z, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Sayad-Fathi S, Shokat H, Hasanzadeh B, Ghorbani-Shirkouhi S. Epidemiology of spine trauma and spinal cord injuries in the north of Iran. Iranian Journal of Neurosurgery. 2018 Oct 10;4(4):199-204.
27. Wang XY, Dai LY, Xu HZ, Chi YL. Kyphosis recurrence after posterior short-segment fixation in thoracolumbar burst fractures. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2008 Mar 1;8(3):246-54.
28. Aono H, Tobimatsu H, Ariga K, Kuroda M, Nagamoto Y, Takenaka S, Furuya M, Iwasaki M. Surgical outcomes of temporary short-segment instrumentation without augmentation for thoracolumbar burst fractures. Injury. 2016 Jun 1;47(6):1337-44.
29. Dai LY, Wang XY, Jiang LS. Neurologic recovery from thoracolumbar burst fractures: is it predicted by the amount of initial canal encroachment and kyphotic deformity?. Surgical neurology. 2007 Mar 1;67(3):232-7.
30. Bondurant FJ, Cotler HB, Kulkarni MV, McArdle CB, Harris JH Jr. Acute spinal cord injury. A study using physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990 Mar;15(3):161-8.
31. Parashari UC, Khanduri S, Bhadury S, Kohli N, Parihar A, Singh R, Srivastava RN, Upadhyay D. Diagnostic and prognostic role of MRI in spinal trauma, its comparison and correlation with clinical profile and neurological outcome, according to ASIA impairment scale. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2011 Jan;2(1):17-26.
32. Schaefer DM, Flanders AD, Northrup BE, Doan HT, Osterholm JL. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute cervical spine trauma. Correlation with severity of neurologic injury. Spine. 1989 Oct 1;14(10):1090-5.
33. Andreoli C, Colaiacomo MC, Di Biasi C, Casciani E, Gualdi G. MRI in the acute phase of spinal cord traumatic lesions: Relationship between MRI findings and neurological outcome. La Radiologia medica. 2005 Nov 1;110(5-6):636-45.
34. Wang ZM, Zou P, Yang JS, Liu TT, Song LL, Lu Y, Guo H, Zhao YT, Liu TJ, Hao DJ. Epidemiological characteristics of spinal cord injury in Northwest China: a single hospital-based study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research. 2020 Dec;15(1):1-7.
35. Mitchell J, Nunnerley J, Frampton C, Croot T, Patel A, Schouten R. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in New Zealand (2007–2016). New Zealand medical journal. 2020 Feb 7;133.
36. Fehlings MG, Perrin RG. The role and timing of early decompression for cervical spinal cord injury: update with a review of recent clinical evidence. Injury. 2005 Jul 1;36(2):S13-26.
37. Wang HF, Yin ZS, Chen Y, Duan ZH, Hou S, He J. Epidemiological features of traumatic spinal cord injury in Anhui Province, China. Spinal Cord. 2013 Jan;51(1):20-2.
38. Santos EA, Santos Filho WJ, Possatti LL, Bittencourt LR, Fontoura EA, Botelho RV. Clinical complications in patients with severe cervical spinal trauma: a ten-year prospective study. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2012;70:524-8.
39. Tanki HN, Khursheed N, Khan AQ, Ganie MA, Ramzan AU, Tanki FN, Wani AA. Long-Term Outcomes of Paraplegics in a Resource-Limited Society: Are We Doing Enough?. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma. 2015 Dec;12(02):117-21.
40. Katoh S, El Masry WS. Motor recovery of patients presenting with motor paralysis and sensory sparing following cervical spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 1995 Sep;33(9):506-9.
41. Oleson CV, Burns AS, Ditunno JF, Geisler FH, Coleman WP. Prognostic value of pinprick preservation in motor complete, sensory incomplete spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2005 May 1;86(5):988-92.
42. Scivoletto G, Tamburella F, Laurenza L, Torre M, Molinari M. Who is going to walk? A review of the factors influencing walking recovery after spinal cord injury. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014 Mar 13;8:141.
43.Miyanji,F.,Furlan,J.C.,Aarabi,B.,Arnold,P.M.,andFehlings,M.G.(2007).Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology 243, 820-27 827.
Published
2024-02-21
How to Cite
1.
Khurshid N, Tyngkan L, Charan J, Singh V, Venishetty V. The Demographic and Clinico-radiological Profile of Spinal Injury-an Institutional Experience. jms [Internet]. 2024Feb.21 [cited 2026Oct.25];27(1):16-4. Available from: http://dsh.jmsskims.org/index.php/jms/article/view/1317
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